toxicity
2 interactions related to toxicity
caffeine + theophylline
Caffeine and theophylline are closely related methylxanthines that share the CYP1A2 metabolic pathway and act on the same adenosine receptors. Taking them together can slow theophylline clearance and add to its stimulant and cardiovascular effects, which matters because theophylline has a very narrow safety margin.
caffeinetheophyllinemethylxanthineasthmacopdcyp1a2narrow therapeutic indextoxicity
caffeine + clozapine
Caffeine and clozapine are both broken down by the liver enzyme CYP1A2, and caffeine competitively inhibits it. Large changes in caffeine intake - especially starting or stacking energy drinks - can raise clozapine to toxic levels, with a documented case report of severe toxicity and multiorgan failure.
caffeineclozapineschizophreniacyp1a2energy drinksantipsychotictoxicitydrug interaction