1 interaction related to echinacea
Echinacea is marketed as an immune stimulant and has been shown in vitro and in some animal models to activate macrophages, NK cells, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. While direct pharmacokinetic effects on cyclosporine levels are not well documented in humans, the immunostimulant pharmacology directly opposes the goal of immunosuppression in transplant and autoimmune patients.